Franklin, The Way to Wealth (1758)

I have heard that nothing gives an author so great pleasure as to find his works respectfully quoted by other learned authors. This pleasure I have seldom enjoyed ; for though I have been, if I may say it without vanity, an eminent author (of Almanacks) annually, now a full quarter of a century, my brother authors in the same way (for what reason I know not) have ever been very sparing in their applauses; and no other author has taken the least notice of me; so that, did not my writings produce me some solid pudding, the great deficiency of praise would have quite discouraged me.

I concluded, at length, that the people were the best judges of my merit; and besides, in my rambles, where I am not personally known, I have frequently heard one or other of my adages repeated with,

at the end on't. This gave me some satisfaction; as it showed not only that my instructions were regarded. but discovered likewise some respect for my authority ; and I own, that, to encourage the practice of remembering and repeating those wise sentences, I have sometimes quoted myself with great gravity.

Judge, then, how much I must have been gratified by an accident I am going to relate to you. I stopped my horse lately, where a great number of people were collected at an Auction of Merchant's Goods. The hour of sale not being come, they were conversing on the badness of the times, and one of the company called to a plain clean old man, with white locks, "Pray, father Abraham, what think you of the times? Won't these heavy taxes quite ruin the country? What would you advise us to do?" Father Abraham stood up and replied, — 'If you'd have my advice, I'll give it to you in short: "for a word to the wise is enough; and many words won't fill a bushel," as Poor Richard says. They joined in desiring him to speak his mind; and gathering round him, he proceeded as follows:

Friends (says he) and neighbours, the taxes are indeed very heavy; and if those laid on by the government were the only ones we had to pay, we might more easily discharge them : but we have many others, and much more grevious to some of us. We are taxed twice as much by our idleness, three times as much by our pride, and four times as much by our folly; and from these taxes the commissiouer cannot ease or deliver us by allowing an abatement.Frame-set — Install the construal that fixes which moves are legal. function: declaration · orientation: reality · motive: mixed · scope: wide · target: meta misfire: frame collision — a political question about the government’s rates is answered with a moral audit, and the second clause names the official whose remedy the new frame puts out of reach the harangue’s founding move: the word "taxed" is kept and its collector changed. However, let us hearken to good advice, and something may be done for us ;

"God helps them that helps themselves,"

as poor Richard says in his Almanack.

It would be thought a hard government that should tax its people one-tenth part of their time, to be employed in its service ; but idleness taxes many of us much more, if we reckon all that is spent in absolute sloth, or doing of nothing, with that which is spent in idle employments, or amusements that amount to nothing.

Sloth, by bringing on disease, absolutely shortens life.

But dost thou love life ? then do not squander time, for “that's the stuff life is made of,” as poor Richard says. How much more than is necessary do we spend in sleep ! forgetting that "the sleeping fox catches no poultry, and that there will be sleeping in the grave," as poor Richard says. “If time be of all things the most precious, wasting time must be (as poor Richard says) the greatest prodigality ; since, as he elsewhere tells, “Lost time is never found again, and what we will call “time enough” always proves little enough.

Let us then up and be doing, and doing to the purpose ; so by diligence shall we do more with less perplexity. " Sloth makes all things difficult, but industry all easy," as poor Richard says ; and, "he that riseth late must trot all day, and shall scarce overtake his business at night; while laziness travels so slowly that poverty soon overtakes him," as we read in poor Richard; who adds, “ Drive thy business; let not that drive thee," and

"Early to bed, and early to rise, Make a man healthy, wealthy, and wise."

So what signifies wishing and hoping for better times ? We make these times better if we bestir ourselves. "Industry needs not wish,” as poor Richard says; and,

“He that lives upon hope, will die fasting."

“There are no gains without pains ; then help hands, for I have no lands; or if I have, they are smartly taxed; and, (as poor Richard likewise observes,) He that hath a trade hath an estate; and he that hath a calling hath an office of profit and honour;" but then the trade must be worked at, and the calling well followed, or neither the estate nor the office will enable us to pay our taxes.

If we are industrious, we shall never starve; for, as poor Richard says, "At the working man's house hunger looks in, but dares not enter; for, "Industry pays debts, while despair increaseth them,” says poor Richard. What tho' you have found no treasure, nor has any rich relation left you a legacy? "Diligence is the mother of good luck," as poor Richard says; and, “God gives all things to industry;

Then plough deep while sluggard's sleep, And you will have corn to sell and to keep,"

Work while it is called to-day; for you know not how much you may be hindered tomorrow ; which makes poor Richard say, “One to-day is worth two to-morrows;" and further, “Have you somewhat to do to-morrow, do it to-day." If you were a servant, would you not be ashamed that a good master should catch you idle ? Are you then your own master? be ashamed to catch yourself idle, as poor Dick says."

When there is so much to be done for yourself, your family, your country, and your gracious king, be up by peep of day ; “let not the sun look down, and say,

Handle your tools without mittens; remember, that "the cat in gloves catches no mice.” as poor Richard says.

It is true there is much to be done, and perhaps you are weak handed ; but stick to it steadily, and you will see great effects ; for “constant dropping wears away stones, and by diligence and patience the mouse ate into the cable : and light strokes fell great oaks," as poor Richard says in his Almanack, the year I cannot just now remember.

Methinks I hear some of you say, "Must a man afford himself no leisure?"- I will tell thee, my friend, what poor Richard says: "Employ thy time well, if thou nearest to gain leisure; and since thou art not sure of a minute, throw not away an hour." Leisure is time for doing something useful; this leisure the diligent man will obtain, but the lazy man never; so that, as роог Richard says, “A life of leisure and a life of laziness are two things.”

Do you imagine that sloth will afford you more comfort than labour? No; for, as poor Richard says, “Troubles spring from idleness, and grievous toil from needless ease: Many without labour would live by their own wits only: but they break for want of stock:" Whereas industry gives comfort, and plenty, and respect. "Fly pleasures, and they'll follow you; the diligent spinner has a large shift; and now I have a large shift; and, now I have a sheep and a cow, every body bids me good morrow; all which is well said by poor Richard.”

But, with our industry, we must likewise be steady, settled, and careful, and oversee our own affairs with our own eyes, and never trust too much to others; for, as poor Richard says,

"I never saw an oft-removed tree, Nor yet an oft-removed family, That throve so well as those that settled be"

And again "Three removes are as bad as a fire;" and again, "Keep thy shop, and thy shop will keep thee;" and again, "If you would have business done, go; if not, send." And again,

"He that by the plough would thrive, Himself must either hold or drive."

And again, "The eye of a master will do more work than both his hands; and again, “Want of care does us more damage than want of knowledge; and again, "Not to oversee workmen, is to leave them your purse open."

Trusting too much to others' care is the ruin of many : for, as the almanack says, "In the affairs of the world, men are saved not by faith, but by the want of it;"Surrogation — Let a token stand for the substance it once indexed. function: assertive · orientation: belonging · motive: mixed · scope: wide · target: outward misfire: surrogation failure — the token cites itself with the person gone, and the preface’s last paragraph withdraws the substance it stands for: "not a tenth part of the wisdom was my own" the attribution names a book rather than a man; the almanac has become its own authority. but a man's own care is profitable; for, saith poor Dick, "Learning is to the studious, and riches to the careful, as well as power to the bold, and heaven to the virtuous."

And further, “ If you would have a faithful servant, and one that like, serve yourself.” And again, he adviseth to circumspection and care, even in the smallest matters ; because, sometimes, “A little neglect may breed great mischief; adding, "For want of a nail the shoe was lost ; for want of a shoe the horse was lost; and for want of a horse the rider was lost;" being overtaken and slain by the enemy, all for want of care about a horse-shoe nail.

So much for industry, my friends, and attention to one's own business; but to these we must add frugality, if we would make our industry more certainly successful.

A man, may, if he knows not how to save as he gets, “ keep his nose all his life to the grindstone, and die not worth a groat at last." “A fat kitchen makes a lean will,” as poor Richard says ; and,

"Many estates are spent in the getting; Since women forsook spinning and knitting. And men for punch, forsook hewing and splitting."

"If you would be wealthy, (says he, in another almanack,) think of saving, as well as of getting; The Indians have not made Spain rich, because her outgoes are greater than her incomes."

Away, then, with your expensive follies, and you will not have much cause to complain of hard times, heavy taxes, and chargeable families; for, as poor Richard says,

"Women and wine, game and deceit, Make the wealth small, and the wants great."

And further, “What mantains one vice would bring up two children." You may think, perhaps, that a little punch, now and then, diet a little more costly, clothes a little finer, and a little entertainment now and then, can be no great matter; but remember what poor Richard says, "Many a little makes a meikle; and further, "Beware of little expenses; a small leak will sink a great ship; and again, “Who dainties love, shall beggars prove; and moreover,

“Fools make feasts, and wise men eat them."

“Here you are all got together at this sale of fineries and nick-nacks. You call them GOODS; but, if you do not take care, they will prove EVILS to some of you. You expect they will be sold cheap, and perhaps they may, for less than they cost; but, if you have no occasion for them, they must be dear to you. Remember what poor Richard says, "buy what thou hast no need of, and ere long thou shalt sell thy necessaries." And again, "at a great pennyworth pause a while." He means, that perhaps the cheapness is apparent only, and not real; or the bargain, by straitening thee in thy business, may do thee more harm than good. For in another place he says,

"Many have been ruined by buying good penny-worths."

Again, poor Richard says, "It is foolish to lay out money in a purchase of repentance;" and yet this folly is practised every day at auctions, for want of minding the almanack. “Wise men (as poor Dick says) learn by others harms, fools scarcely by their own.” Many a one, for the sake of finery on the back, have gone with a hungry belly and half starved their families.

"Silks and satins, scarlet and velvets, (as poor Richard says) put out the kitchen fire.” These are not the necessaries of life, they can scarcely be called the conveniences; and yet, only because they look pretty, how many want to have them? The artificial wants of mankind thus become more numerous than the natural and, as poor Dick says, “For one poor person, there are a hundred indigent."

By these and other extravagancies, the genteel are reduced to poverty, and forced to borrow of those whom they formerly despised, but who, through industry and frugality, have maintained their standing; in which case it appears plainly, that "a ploughman on his legs is higher than a gentleman on his knees," as poor Richard says, Perhaps they have had a small estate left them, which they knew not the getting of; they think, "it is day, and will never be night;" that a little to be spent out of so much is not worth minding: A child and a fool (as poor Richard says) imagine twenty shillings and twenty years can never be spent; but always taking out of the meal-tub, and never putting in, soon comes to the bottom;" then, as poor Dick says, “When the well is dry, they know the worth of water," But this they might have known before, if they had taken his advice,

“If you would know the value of money, go and try to borrow some; for he that goes a borrowing goes a sorrowing," as poor Richard says; and indeed so does he that lends to such people, when he goes to get it in again.

Poor Dick further advises, and says,

"Fond pride of dress is sure a very curse, Ere fancy you consult, consult your purse."

And again, "pride is as loud a beggar as want, and a great deal more saucy." When you have bought one fine thing, you must buy ten more, that your appearance may be all of a piece; but poor Dick says, " it is easier to suppress the first desire than to satisfy all that follow it; " and it is as truly folly for the poor to ape the rich, as the frog to swell, in order to equal the ox.

"Vessels large may venture more, But little boats should keep near shore."

'Tis, however, a folly soon punished; for, "Pride that dines on vanity, sups on contempt," as poor Richard says. And in another place,

“Pride breakfasted with Plenty, Dined with Poverty, And supped with Infamy,"

And, after all, of what use is this pride of appearance, for which so much is risked, so much is suffered ? It cannot promote health, nor ease pain ; it makes no inerease of merit in the person ; it creates envy ; it hastens misfortune.

"What is a butterfly? at best He's but a caterpillar drest; The gaudy fop's his picture just,"

But what madness must it be to run in debt for these superfluities! We are offered by the terms of this sale, six months credit ; and that perhaps, has induced some of us to attend it, because we cannot spare the ready money, and hope now to be fine without it. But ah ! think what do when you run in debt ; you give to another power over your liberty. If you cannot pay at the time, you will be ashamed to see your creditor, you will be in fear when you speak to him, you will make poor, pitiful, sneaking excuses, and, by degrees, come to lose your veracity, and sink into base, downright lying ; for, as poor Richard says, “ the second vice is lying ; the first is running in debt."

And again, to the same purpose, lying rides upon debt's back;" whereas a free born Briton ought not to be ashamed nor afraid to see or speak to any man living. But poverty often deprives a man of all spirit and virtue. "It is hard for an empty bag to stand upright," as poor Richard truly says.

What would you think of that prince, or of that government, who should issue an edict, forbidding you to dress like a gentleman or gentlewoman, on pain of imprisonnent or servitude? Would you not say, that you were free, have a right to dress as you please, and that such an edict would be a breach of your privileges, and such a government tyrannical? And yet you are about to put yourself under that tyranny, when you run in debt for such dress ! Your creditor has authority, at his pleasure, to deprive you of your liberty, by confining you in a jail for lite, or by selling you for a servant, if you should not be able to pay him.

When you have got your bargain, you may, perhaps, think little of payment: But "Creditors (poor Richard tells us,) have better memories than debtors;" and, in another place, he says,

Creditors are a superstitious set, great observers of set-days and times,

The day comes round before you are aware, and the demand is made before you are prepared to satisfy it ; or, if you bear your debt in mind, the term which at first seemed so long, will, as it lessens, appear extremely short ; time will seem to have added wings to his heels as well as his shoulders.

"Those have a short Lent, (saith poor Richard,) who owe money to be paid at Easter." Then since, as he says, “The borrower is a slave to the lender, and the debtor to the creditor," disdain the chain, preserve your freedom, and mantain your independence;

Be industrious and free, be frugal and free,

At present perhaps, you may think yourselves in thriving circumstances, and that you can bear a little extravagance without injury: but

"For age and want save what you may, No morning sun lasts a whole day,"

as poor Richard says. Gain may be temporary and uncertain ; but, ever while you live, expense is constant and certain ; and, it is easier to build two chimneys, than to keep one in fuel," as poor Richard says. So, " rather go to bed supperless than rise in debt.”

"Get what you can, and what you get, hold, 'Tis the stone that will turn all your lead into gold."

as poor Richard says. And when you have got the philosopher's stone, sure you will no longer complain of bad times, or the difficulty of paying taxes.

This doctrine, my friends, is reason and wisdom; but, after all, do not depend too much upon your own industry, and frugality, and prudence, though excellent things; for they may all be blasted, without the blessing of heaven; and therefore ask that blessing humbly, and be not uncharitable to those that at present seem to want it, but comfort and help them. Remember Job suffered, and was afterwards prosperous.

And now to conclude, “Experience keeps a dear school ; but fools will learn in no other, and scarce in that ; for, it is true, "we may give advice, but we cannot give conduct," as poor Richard says. However, remember this, "They that will not be counselled cannot be helped; as poor Richard says; and further, that

"If you will not hear reason, she will rap your knuckles.”

Thus the old gentleman ended his harangue. The people heard it, and approved the doctrine ; and immediately practised the contrary, just as if it had been a common sermon ; for the auction opened, and they began to buy extravagantly, notwithstanding all his cautious, and their own fear of taxes.

I found the good man had thoronghly studied my almanacks, and digested all I had dropt on those topics during the course of twenty-five years. The frequent mention he made of me must have tired any one else ; but my vanity was wonderfully delighted with it, though I was conscious, that not a tenth part of the wisdom was my own, which he ascribed to me, but rather the gleanings that I had made of the sense of all ages and nations. However, I resolved to be the better for the echo of it : and, though I had at first determined to buy stuff for a new coat, I went away, resolved to wear my old one a little longer.Counter-signal — Decline an expected status marker to imply that one’s standing needs no proof. function: expressive · orientation: belonging · motive: mixed · scope: wide · target: outward misfire: orientation mismatch — offered as the one conversion the sermon achieved, and keyed to standing by the clauses on either side: the vanity "wonderfully delighted," and the "echo" rather than the doctrine as what he resolves to profit by Reader, if thou wilt do the same, thy profit will be as great as mine.

I am, as ever, thine to serve thee,

RICHARD SAUNDERS.Declaration — Bring a state into being by saying so. function: declaration · orientation: reality · motive: cooperative · scope: narrow · target: outward misfire: misinvocation — a signature makes an author answerable for what stands above it, and this name belongs to nobody who can be held to anything; the paragraph above has just withdrawn the authorship it certifies the frame closes where it opened, on the name the harangue spent three thousand words citing.

The divergences